International comparison of R&D intensities of Gross Expenditure on Research and Development (GERD)

¹% GERD/GDP
²Per Capita GDP; US$, expressed as est. purchasing power parity (2001)

**Israel (2001) 4.48%¹$20,000^{2 pop: 6.0 million}	Sweden (1999) 3.78%¹$24,700² ^{pop: 8.9 million}	Finland (2000) 3.37%¹ $25,800² ^{pop: 5.2 million}	Japan (2000) 2.98%¹$27,200^{2 pop: 127.0 million}
United States (2000) 2.70%¹$36,300² ^{pop: 280.6 million}	S. Korea (2000) 2.68%¹$18,000² ^{pop: 48.3 million}	Switzerland (2000) 2.64%¹$31,100² ^{pop: 7.3 million}	Germany (2001) 2.52%¹$26,200² ^{pop: 83.3 million}
Iceland (1999) 2.33%¹$24,800² ^{pop: 0.28 million}	France (2000) 2.15%¹$25,400² ^{pop: 59.8 million}	Denmark (1999) 2.09%¹$28,000² ^{pop: 5.4 million}	**Taiwan (2000) 2.05%¹$17,200² ^{pop: 22.5 million}
Netherlands (1999) 2.02%¹$25,800² ^{pop: 16.1 million}	Belgium (1999) 1.96%¹$26,100² ^{pop: 10.3 million}	Canada (2001) 1.93%¹$27,700² ^{pop: 31.9 million}	**Singapore (2000) 1.88%¹$24,700^{2 pop: 4.5 million}
UK (2000) 1.86%¹$24,700² ^{pop: 59.8 million}	Austria (2001) 1.86%¹$27,000² ^{pop: 8.2 million}	Norway (2001) 1.70%¹$30,800² ^{pop: 4.5 million}	AUSTRALIA (2000) 1.53%¹$24,000² ^{pop: 19.5 million}
**Slovenia (2000) 1.52%¹$16,000² ^{pop: 1.9 million}	Czech Repub (2000) 1.35%¹$14,400² ^{pop: 10.3 million}	Ireland (1999) 1.21%¹$27,300² ^{pop: 3.9 million}	New Zealand (1997) 1.11%¹$19,500² ^{pop: 3.9 million}
**Russia (2000) 1.09%¹$8,300² ^{pop: 145.0 million}	Italy (1999) 1.04%¹$24,300² ^{pop: 57.8 million}	**China (2000) 1.00%¹$4,300² ^{pop: 1284.3 million}	Spain (2001) 0.96%¹$18,900² ^{pop: 40.1 million}
Hungary (2000) 0.81%¹$12,000² ^{pop: 10.1 million}	Portugal (1999) 0.75%¹$17,300² ^{pop: 10.1 million}	Poland (2000) 0.70%¹$8,800² ^{pop: 38.6 million}	Slovak Repub (2000) 0.69%¹$11,500² ^{pop: 5.4 million}
Greece (1999) 0.67%¹$17,900² ^{pop: 10.6 million}	Turkey (1999) 0.63%¹$6,700² ^{pop: 67.3 million}	Mexico (1999) 0.40%¹$9,000² ^{pop: 103.4 million}	**Romania (2000) 0.37%¹$6,800² ^{pop: 22.3 million}

Mean per capita GDP for the 19 nations above Australia in % GERD/GDP = $25,870
Mean per capita GDP for the 16 nations below Australia in % GERD/GDP = $13,900

**The following non-OECD countries, which are included in the above comparison, were reported in the OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators Database: Israel, China, Romania, Russia, Singapore, Slovenia, Taiwan.

(GERD/GDP)
OECD, weighted average = 2.21%
OECD, 20 country average = 2.10%
OECD, all country (29) average = 1.74%

The weighted average of all OECD countries is the sum of all GERD as a percentage of the sum of all GDPs. This is the official average reported by the OECD.

The average of the GERD/GDP ratios for 20 selected OECD countries had been reported annually in the Australian Science and Technology Budget Statements until 2000-01.

The average of the GERD/GDP ratios for all OECD countries has been adopted by the Australian Government in the 2001-02 Science and Technology Budget Information Package.